Robobin injiniya galibi suna nufin thermoplastics waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan gini. Injin robobi suna da ingantattun kaddarorin da suka dace, tsayin daka, ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, ƙarfin injina, ƙarfin zafi mai kyau, da ingantaccen rufin lantarki. Ana iya amfani da su na dogon lokaci a cikin mahallin sinadarai da na zahiri kuma suna iya maye gurbin karafa azaman kayan aikin injiniya. Ana iya raba robobin injiniya zuwa robobin injiniya na gabaɗaya da robobin injiniya na musamman. Babban nau'ikan na farko sune polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenylene ether (PPO) da polyester (PBT). Da kuma PET) robobin injiniyoyi guda biyar; na karshen yawanci yana nufin robobin injiniya tare da juriya mai zafi sama da 150Co, manyan nau'ikan su ne polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), crystal crystal High molecular polymer (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR). ), da sauransu.
Babu bayyanannen layin raba tsakanin robobin injiniya da robobi na gaba ɗaya. Misali, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) tana tsakanin su biyun. Ana iya amfani da manyan makinsa azaman kayan aikin injiniya. Matsayin robobi ne na yau da kullun na yau da kullun (a waje gabaɗaya magana, ABS ana rarraba shi azaman robobi na gaba ɗaya). Ga wani misali, polypropylene (PP) wani nau'in filastik ne na yau da kullun, amma bayan ƙarfafa fiber na gilashi da sauran haɗuwa, ƙarfin injinsa da juriya na zafi sun inganta sosai, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman kayan gini a yawancin fannonin injiniyanci. . Ga wani misali kuma, polyethylene kuma filastik ce ta gama-gari, amma polyethylene mai nauyin nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai nauyin kwayar halitta fiye da miliyan 1, saboda kyawawan kaddarorin injinsa da yanayin zafi mai zafi, ana iya amfani da shi sosai azaman robobin injiniya. a cikin injina, sufuri, Kayan aikin sinadarai da dai sauransu.
Domin inganta ƙarfi, tauri, jinkirin harshen wuta da sauran kaddarorin robobi, yawanci ya zama dole don haɓaka wasu nau'ikan ayyukan aikin resin roba ta hanyar haɗakarwa da dabarun haɗawa kamar ƙarfafawa, cikawa, da ƙari na sauran resins akan tushe. na roba resins. Wutar lantarki, maganadisu, haske, zafi, juriya na tsufa, jinkirin harshen wuta, kaddarorin inji da sauran fannoni sun cika buƙatun don amfani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman. Additives don haɗuwa na iya zama masu kare wuta, masu ƙarfi, stabilizers, da dai sauransu, ko wani filastik ko ƙarfafa fiber, da dai sauransu; da substrate iya zama biyar general robobi, biyar janar injiniya robobi, ko musamman injiniya filastik.
Akwai nau'ikan robobi da yawa kuma ana amfani da su sosai. Kimanin kashi 90% na albarkatun guduro da aka saba amfani da su sune polyethylene PE, polypropylene PP, polyvinyl chloride PVC, polystyrene PS da guduro ABS. Duk da haka, kowane filastik yana da iyakokinsa.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, mutane sun himmatu don haɓaka sabbin kayan polymer. Daga cikin dubban sabbin kayan aikin polymer da aka haɓaka, kaɗan ne ke da manyan aikace-aikace. Saboda haka, ba za mu iya begen haɓaka sababbi ba. Kayan polymer don inganta aiki. Duk da haka, ya zama zaɓi na halitta don sarrafa robobi ta hanyar cikawa, haɗawa, da ƙarfafa hanyoyin inganta jinkirin harshensu, ƙarfi, da juriya na tasiri.
robobi na yau da kullun suna da gazawa kamar ƙonewa, tsufa, ƙarancin kayan inji, da ƙarancin zafin aiki a cikin amfanin masana'antu da amfanin yau da kullun. Ta hanyar gyare-gyare, robobi na yau da kullun na iya samun haɓaka aiki, haɓaka aiki, da rage farashi. Ƙaƙƙarfan robobin da aka gyaggyarawa shine babban nau'i na farko, wanda ke amfani da ƙari ko wasu resins waɗanda ke inganta aikin guduro a ɗaya ko abubuwa da yawa kamar injiniyoyi, rheology, combustibility, wutar lantarki, zafi, haske, da maganadisu azaman kayan taimako. , Ƙarfafawa, ƙarfafawa, haɗuwa, haɗawa da sauran hanyoyin fasaha don samun kayan aiki tare da bayyanar uniform.
Filayen robobi guda biyar a matsayin kayan tushe: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), da polyvinyl chloride
Five janar injiniya robobi: polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA, kuma aka sani da nailan), polyester (PET/PBT), polyphenylene ether (PPO), Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Plastics na injiniya na musamman: polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polymer crystal polymer (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), da dai sauransu.
Dangane da aikace-aikacen da ke ƙasa, ana amfani da robobi da aka gyara galibi a masana'antu kamar kayan aikin gida, motoci, da na'urorin lantarki.
Tun daga farkon karni na 21, tare da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasata, karfin kasuwa na gyare-gyaren robobi ya kara fadada. Yawan amfani da robobi da aka gyara a cikin ƙasata ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa daga ton 720,000 a farkon 2000 zuwa tan miliyan 7.89 a cikin 2013. Yawan haɓakar fili ya kai 18.6%, kuma kayan aikin gida da masana'antar kera motoci suna da adadi mai yawa. na kasa aikace-aikace.
A watan Agustan 2009, ƙasar ta ƙaddamar da manufofin "kayan gida ga ƙauye" a yankunan karkara da kuma "maye gurbin tsofaffi don sababbi" a cikin birane. Kasuwar kayan aikin gida kamar na'urorin sanyaya iska da firji sun murmure cikin sauri, suna haifar da saurin haɓakar buƙatun robobin da aka gyara na kayan gida. Bayan samun saurin bunkasuwar na’urorin gida da ke zuwa karkara, habakar masana’antun na’urorin gida na kasarmu ya ragu, haka nan kuma bukatar gyaran robobi ya ragu. Haɓaka a fannin kera motoci ya zama babban dalilin karuwar amfani da robobin da aka gyara.
A halin yanzu, kasar Sin ta zama babbar kasa wajen samar da kayayyakin amfanin gida, kuma ita ce cibiyar kera kayayyakin amfanin gida a duniya. Yawancin robobi da ake amfani da su wajen kera na'urorin gida sune thermoplastics, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90%. Kusan duk robobin da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin gida suna buƙatar gyara. A halin yanzu, adadin robobi a cikin manyan kayan aikin gida a kasar Sin shine: 60% na injin tsabtace iska, 38% na firiji, 34% na injin wanki, 23% na TV, 10% na na'urorin sanyaya iska.
An fara kayan aikin gida a cikin karkara a cikin Disamba 2007, kuma rukunin farko na larduna da biranen matukan jirgi sun ƙare a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2011, sauran larduna da biranen kuma sun ƙare a cikin shekaru 1-2 masu zuwa. Dangane da yadda aka samu karuwar kayan aikin gida iri hudu kamar na’urorin sanyaya iska, TV kala-kala, injin wanki da firji, yawan karuwar kayan aikin gida ya yi yawa sosai a lokacin da na’urorin gida ke zuwa karkara. Ana sa ran ci gaban ci gaban masana'antar kayan aikin gida zai kasance a ƙimar girma na 4-8%. Ci gaba da bunƙasa ɓangaren kayan aikin gida yana ba da kwanciyar hankali na kasuwa don gyaran filastik.
Masana'antar kera motoci babban filin aikace-aikace ne na robobi da aka gyara baya ga masana'antar kayan aikin gida. An yi amfani da robobi da aka gyara a cikin masana'antar kera motoci kusan shekaru 60. Ana amfani da su a cikin motoci, za su iya rage nauyi, zama abokantaka na muhalli, aminci, kyakkyawa, da dadi. Ajiye makamashi, karko, da dai sauransu, da 1kg na filastik na iya maye gurbin 2-3kg na karfe da sauran kayan aiki, wanda zai iya rage nauyin jikin mota. Bincike ya nuna cewa rage nauyin mota da kashi 10% na iya rage yawan man da ake amfani da shi da kashi 6-8 cikin 100, kuma yana rage yawan kuzari da hayakin mota. Ƙaruwa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ƙa'idodin fitarwa. Tare da ci gaban fasaha, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, aikace-aikacen robobi da aka gyara a cikin motoci sun haɓaka sannu a hankali daga kayan ciki zuwa sassa na waje da sassan injin injin, yayin da aikace-aikacen robobi da aka gyara a cikin motoci a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba Daga matakin farko na waɗanda ba. karbuwa, a hankali ya bunkasa zuwa kilogiram 105 a kowace mota a shekarar 2000, kuma ya kai fiye da kilo 150 a shekarar 2010.
Yawan amfani da robobin da aka gyara don motoci a cikin ƙasata ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, matsakaicin amfani da robobin da aka gyara a kowace mota a cikin ƙasata ya kai kilogiram 110-120, wanda ya yi nisa a baya da 150-160 kg / abin hawa a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Tare da haɓaka wayar da kan mahalli na masu amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, yanayin motocin masu nauyi na ƙara fitowa fili, kuma amfani da robobin da aka gyara ga motoci zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Bugu da kari, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, tallace-tallacen motoci na kasata ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri kuma ya zama kasuwa mafi girma a duniya a shekarar 2009. Duk da cewa ci gaban sayar da motoci ya ragu sannu a hankali cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ana sa ran za a ci gaba da samun ci gaba. m girma a nan gaba . Tare da karuwar amfani da robobin da aka gyara don ababen hawa da haɓakar siyar da motoci, amfani da robobin da aka gyara ga ababen hawa a ƙasata zai ci gaba da girma cikin sauri. Idan aka yi la’akari da cewa kowace mota tana amfani da robobi mai nauyin kilogiram 150, la’akari da cewa yawan motocin da kasar Sin ke fitarwa a duk shekara ya zarce miliyan 20, sararin kasuwa ya kai tan miliyan 3.
Haka kuma, saboda motoci kayan masarufi ne masu ɗorewa, za a sami wasu buƙatun maye gurbin motocin da ake da su yayin zagayowar rayuwa. An kiyasta cewa amfani da filastik a cikin kasuwar kulawa zai kai kimanin kashi 10% na amfani da filastik a cikin sababbin motoci, kuma ainihin sararin kasuwa ya fi girma.
Akwai mahalarta kasuwa da yawa a cikin gyare-gyaren masana'antar robobi, waɗanda galibi an raba su zuwa sansanoni biyu, ƙwararrun masana'antu na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kamfanoni na cikin gida. Masana'antun ƙasa da ƙasa suna da manyan fasaha da kyakkyawan aikin samfur. Koyaya, nau'in samfurin guda ɗaya ne kuma saurin amsawar kasuwa yana jinkirin. Don haka, kasuwannin kasuwar mota na kasata ba ta da tsayi. Kamfanonin filastik da aka gyara na gida suna gauraye, galibi kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu tare da ikon samarwa kasa da tan 3,000, kuma masana'antar kera motoci tana da manyan buƙatu don ingancin ingancin samfur. Yana da wuya ga ƙananan masana'antu da matsakaici don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ingancin samfurin, don haka yana da wuya a wuce takaddun shaida na kamfanonin mota . Bayan manyan kamfanonin robobi da aka gyare-gyare sun haye takardar shedar kamfanonin ababen hawa da shigar da kayayyaki, yawanci za su zama abokan zamansu na dogon lokaci, kuma karfin cinikinsu zai karu a hankali.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-30-2020