Ubwubatsi bwa plastike bwerekeza cyane cyane kuri thermoplastique ishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubaka. Ibikoresho bya plastiki byubwubatsi bifite ibintu byiza byuzuye, gukomera cyane, kunyerera hasi, imbaraga za mashini nyinshi, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwiza, hamwe n’amashanyarazi meza. Birashobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire mubidukikije bikaze bya chimique na physique kandi birashobora gusimbuza ibyuma nkibikoresho byubaka. Ubwubatsi bwa plastike burashobora kugabanywamo plastike yubuhanga rusange hamwe na plastiki idasanzwe yubuhanga. Ubwoko bwibanze bwambere ni polyamide (PA), polyakarubone (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polifhenylene ether (PPO) na polyester (PBT). Na PET) plastike rusange yubuhanga; ibyanyuma mubisanzwe bivuga plastike yubuhanga ifite ubushyuhe burenze 150Co, ubwoko bwingenzi ni polifenilene sulfide (PPS), kristu ya kirisiti yo hejuru ya polymer (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR) ), n'ibindi.
Nta murongo ugaragara ugaragara hagati ya plastiki yubuhanga na plastiki rusange-igamije. Kurugero, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) iri hagati yibi byombi. Ibyiciro byayo byambere birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubwubatsi. Urwego ni rusanzwe rusanzwe-rufite plastike (mumahanga muri rusange tuvuga, ABS ishyirwa mubikorwa bya plastiki rusange). Urundi rugero, polypropilene (PP) ni plastiki isanzwe igamije rusange, ariko nyuma yo gushimangira fibre fibre hamwe nibindi bivanga, imbaraga zayo za mashini hamwe no kurwanya ubushyuhe byateye imbere cyane, kandi birashobora no gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubatswe mubikorwa byinshi byubwubatsi. . Urundi rugero, polyethylene nayo ni plastiki isanzwe igamije rusange, ariko ultra-high-molekulari yuburemere bwa polyethylene ifite uburemere burenze miriyoni imwe, kubera imiterere yubukorikori buhebuje hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kugoreka ubushyuhe, irashobora gukoreshwa cyane nka plastiki yubuhanga. mumashini, ubwikorezi, ibikoresho bya chimique nibindi
Kugirango tunoze imbaraga, ubukana, kudindiza umuriro nibindi bintu bya plastiki, mubisanzwe birakenewe kunonosora ibintu bimwe na bimwe byimikorere ya sintetike resin substrate hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kuvanga nko gushimangira, kuzuza, no kongeramo andi mavuta ashingiye. ya sintetike. Amashanyarazi, magnetisme, urumuri, ubushyuhe, kurwanya gusaza, kutagira umuriro, ibikoresho bya mashini nibindi bintu byujuje ibisabwa kugirango ukoreshwe mubihe bidasanzwe. Inyongera zo kuvanga zirashobora kuba flame retardants, tougheners, stabilisateur, nibindi, cyangwa indi plastike cyangwa fibre ikomejwe, nibindi.; substrate irashobora kuba plastike eshanu rusange, plastike rusange yubuhanga, cyangwa plastiki yubuhanga idasanzwe.
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa plastiki kandi burakoreshwa cyane. Hafi ya 90% y'ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa cyane ni polyethylene PE, polypropilene PP, polyvinyl chloride PVC, polystirene PS na ABS resin. Nyamara, buri plastiki ifite aho igarukira.
Mu myaka mike ishize, abantu biyemeje guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya bya polymer. Mu bihumbi n'ibikoresho bishya bya polymer byateye imbere, bike bifite porogaramu nini nini. Kubwibyo, ntidushobora kwizera guteza imbere ibishya. Ibikoresho bya polymer kugirango bitezimbere imikorere. Nyamara, byahindutse uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya plastiki mukuzuza, kuvanga, no gushimangira uburyo bwo kongera umuriro wabo, imbaraga, hamwe no kurwanya ingaruka.
Plastiki isanzwe ifite inenge nko gucanwa, gusaza, ibikoresho bya mashini nkeya, hamwe nubushyuhe buke bwo gukoresha mu nganda no gukoresha buri munsi. Binyuze mu guhindura, plastiki isanzwe irashobora kugera kubikorwa byongera imikorere, kongera imikorere, no kugabanya ibiciro. Hejuru ya plastike yahinduwe nuburyo bwambere resin, ikoresha inyongeramusaruro cyangwa izindi resin zitezimbere imikorere ya resin mubice bimwe cyangwa byinshi nkubukanishi, rheologiya, gutwikwa, amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, urumuri, na magnetisme nkibikoresho bifasha. , Gukomera, gushimangira, kuvanga, kuvanga nubundi buryo bwa tekiniki kugirango ubone ibikoresho bifite isura imwe.
Ibintu bitanu rusange-bigamije plastiki nkibikoresho fatizo: polyethylene (PE), polypropilene (PP), na chloride polyvinyl
Amashanyarazi atanu rusange yubuhanga: polyakarubone (PC), polyamide (PA, izwi kandi nka nylon), polyester (PET / PBT), polifhenylene ether (PPO), Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Amashanyarazi yihariye yubuhanga: polifhenylene sulfide (PPS), polymer yamazi ya kirisiti (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), nibindi.
Kubijyanye na porogaramu zo hasi, plastike zahinduwe zikoreshwa cyane cyane mubikorwa nkibikoresho byo murugo, imodoka, nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bwa macro mu gihugu cyanjye, ubushobozi bw'isoko rya plastiki zahinduwe bwarushijeho kwiyongera. Ikigaragara cyo gukoresha plastiki zahinduwe mu gihugu cyanjye cyakomeje kwiyongera kiva kuri toni 720.000 mu ntangiriro za 2000 kigera kuri toni miliyoni 7.89 muri 2013. Ubwiyongere bw’ubwiyongere bugera kuri 18,6%, kandi ibikoresho byo mu rugo n’inganda z’imodoka bifite umubare munini ugereranije. Bya Hasi Porogaramu.
Muri Kanama 2009, igihugu cyatangije politiki y '“ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu cyaro” mu cyaro no “gusimbuza ibishaje bishya” mu mijyi. Isoko ryibikoresho byo murugo nka konderasi na firigo byahise bikira, bituma ubwiyongere bwihuse bwibikenerwa bya plastiki zahinduwe kubikoresho byo murugo. Nyuma yo kubona iterambere ryihuse ryibikoresho byo mu rugo bijya mu cyaro, umuvuduko w’iterambere ry’inganda zikoresha ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu gihugu cyanjye wagabanutse, kandi icyifuzo cya plastiki cyahinduwe nacyo cyaragabanutse. Iterambere mu rwego rw’imodoka ryabaye impamvu nyamukuru yo kongera ikoreshwa rya plastiki zahinduwe.
Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bwabaye igihugu kinini mu gukora no gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu rugo, kandi ni cyo kigo gikora ibikoresho byo mu rugo ku isi. Ibyinshi muri plastiki zikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byo murugo ni thermoplastique, bingana na 90%. Hafi ya plastiki zose zikoreshwa mubikoresho byo murugo zigomba guhinduka. Kugeza ubu, igipimo cya plastiki mu bikoresho bikomeye byo mu rugo mu Bushinwa ni: 60% ku bakora isuku, 38% kuri firigo, 34% ku mashini imesa, 23% kuri televiziyo, na 10% ku byuma bifata ibyuma bikonjesha.
Ibikoresho byo mu cyaro byatangiye mu Kuboza 2007, kandi icyiciro cya mbere cy’intara n’imijyi by’icyitegererezo cyarangiye mu mpera za Ugushyingo 2011, kandi izindi ntara n’imijyi nabyo byarangiye mu myaka 1-2 yakurikiye. Urebye umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwibisohoka byubwoko bune bwibikoresho byo murugo nka konderasi, televiziyo yamabara, imashini imesa na firigo, umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwibikoresho byo murugo byari byinshi cyane mugihe ibikoresho byo murugo byagiye mucyaro. Iterambere ryiyongera ryinganda zikoreshwa murugo biteganijwe ko rizaguma ku kigero cya 4-8%. Iterambere rihamye ryurwego rwibikoresho byo murugo ritanga isoko rihamye ryo guhindura plastike.
Inganda zimodoka nigice kinini cyo gukoresha plastiki zahinduwe hiyongereyeho ibikoresho byo murugo. Amashanyarazi yahinduwe yakoreshejwe mu nganda zimodoka imyaka hafi 60. Byakoreshejwe mumodoka, birashobora kugabanya ibiro, bitangiza ibidukikije, umutekano, byiza, kandi byiza. Kuzigama ingufu, kuramba, nibindi, hamwe na 1kg ya plastike irashobora gusimbuza 2-3 kg ibyuma nibindi bikoresho, bishobora kugabanya cyane uburemere bwumubiri wimodoka. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kugabanuka kwa 10% muburemere bwimodoka bishobora kugabanya gukoresha lisansi 6-8%, kandi bikagabanya cyane gukoresha ingufu hamwe n’imyuka yangiza. Kongera ingufu zikoreshwa ningufu zangiza. Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga, mumyaka mirongo yakurikiyeho, ikoreshwa rya plastiki zahinduwe mumodoka ryagiye ritera imbere kuva mubikoresho byimbere kugeza mubice byimbere ndetse nibice bya moteri, mugihe ikoreshwa rya plastiki ryahinduwe mumamodoka mubihugu byateye imbere Kuva mubyiciro byambere bitari- kwakirwa, yagiye itera imbere kugeza ku kilo 105 kuri buri kinyabiziga mu 2000, igera ku kilo birenga 150 muri 2010.
Imikoreshereze ya plastiki yahinduwe kumodoka mugihugu cyanjye yazamutse vuba. Kugeza ubu, ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha plastiki zahinduwe kuri buri kinyabiziga mu gihugu cyanjye ni kg 110-120, kikaba kiri inyuma cyane ya kg 150-160 / ibinyabiziga mu bihugu byateye imbere. Hamwe nogutezimbere kwabaguzi kubidukikije no kubahiriza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, imyumvire yimodoka zoroheje ziragenda zigaragara, kandi gukoresha plastiki zahinduwe kumodoka bizakomeza kwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka icumi ishize, kugurisha ibinyabiziga mu gihugu cyanjye byagize iterambere ryihuse kandi biba isoko rinini ku isi mu 2009. Nubwo izamuka ry’ibicuruzwa by’imodoka ryagiye gahoro gahoro mu myaka yakurikiyeho, biteganijwe ko bizakomeza iterambere rihamye mu gihe kizaza. Ubwiyongere bw'ikoreshwa rya plastiki zahinduwe ku binyabiziga no kwiyongera kw'igurisha ry'imodoka, ikoreshwa rya plastiki zahinduwe ku binyabiziga mu gihugu cyanjye bizakomeza kwiyongera vuba. Dufashe ko buri modoka ikoresha ibiro 150 bya plastiki, urebye ko umusaruro w’imodoka z’Abashinwa urenga miliyoni 20, umwanya w’isoko ni toni miliyoni 3.
Mugihe kimwe, kubera ko ibinyabiziga ari ibicuruzwa biramba byabaguzi, hazakenerwa icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza ibinyabiziga bihari mugihe cyubuzima. Bigereranijwe ko ikoreshwa rya plastike kumasoko yo kubungabunga rizaba hafi 10% yikoreshwa rya plastike mumodoka nshya, kandi isoko nyayo ni nini.
Hariho benshi mu bitabiriye isoko mu nganda zahinduwe za plastiki, zigabanijwemo cyane mu nkambi ebyiri, ibihangange by’imiti mpuzamahanga ndetse n’amasosiyete yaho. Inganda mpuzamahanga zifite ikoranabuhanga riyobora nibikorwa byiza byibicuruzwa. Nyamara, ubwoko bwibicuruzwa ni bumwe kandi umuvuduko wo gusubiza isoko uratinda. Kubwibyo, umugabane wisoko kumasoko yimodoka yigihugu cyanjye ntabwo ari muremure. Ibigo bya pulasitiki byahinduwe byavanze, cyane cyane imishinga mito n'iciriritse ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro utarenze toni 3.000, kandi inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zifite ibisabwa byinshi kugirango ibicuruzwa bihamye neza. Biragoye kubigo bito n'ibiciriritse kugirango hamenyekane ireme ryibicuruzwa, bityo biragoye gutsinda icyemezo cyamasosiyete yimodoka. Nyuma y’amasosiyete manini yahinduwe ya plastike atsindiye ibyemezo byamasosiyete yimodoka hanyuma akinjira mumasoko yabyo, mubisanzwe bazahinduka abafatanyabikorwa babo b'igihe kirekire, kandi imbaraga zabo zo guhahira zizagenda ziyongera buhoro buhoro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-30-2020