Iiplastiki zobunjineli zibhekisa ikakhulu kwi-thermoplastics enokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha. Iiplastiki zobunjineli zineempawu ezigqibeleleyo ezibanzi, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukukhasa okuphantsi, amandla omatshini aphezulu, ukumelana nobushushu okulungileyo, kunye nokugquma kombane okulungileyo. Zingasetyenziselwa ixesha elide kwiindawo ezinobungozi zekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba kwaye zinokuthatha indawo yesinyithi njengemathiriyeli yobunjineli yobunjineli. Iiplastiki zobunjineli zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiplastiki zobunjineli ngokubanzi kunye neeplastiki ezikhethekileyo zobunjineli. Iindidi eziphambili zangaphambili ziyi-polyamide (PA), i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyoxymethylene (POM), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO) kunye ne-polyester (PBT). Kwaye PET) iiplastiki ezintlanu zobunjineli jikelele; le yokugqibela idla ngokubhekisela kwiiplastiki zobunjineli ezinokumelana nobushushu ngaphezu kwe-150Co, iintlobo eziphambili ze-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), ikristale yolwelo Ipolymer yemolekyuli ephezulu (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR ), njl.
Akukho mgca ucacileyo wokwahlula phakathi kweeplastiki zobunjineli kunye neeplasitiki zenjongo jikelele. Ngokomzekelo, i-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) ilele phakathi kwezi zibini. Amabakala ayo aphambili anokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha zobunjineli. Ibakala ziiplastiki zenjongo eqhelekileyo (ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokubanzi, i-ABS ihlelwa njengeeplastiki zenjongo jikelele). Ngomnye umzekelo, i-polypropylene (PP) yiplastiki yenjongo eqhelekileyo, kodwa emva kokuqiniswa kwefayibha yeglasi kunye nokunye ukudibanisa, amandla ayo omatshini kunye nokumelana nobushushu kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha kwiindawo ezininzi zobunjineli. . Omnye umzekelo, i-polyethylene ikwayiplastiki yenjongo eqhelekileyo, kodwa i-polyethylene ene-molecular weight engaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokuphazamisa ubushushu, ingasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengeeplastiki zobunjineli. koomatshini, uthutho, izixhobo zeChemical etc.
Ukuze kuphuculwe amandla, ukuqina, ukulibaziseka komlilo kunye nezinye iipropathi zeplastiki, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukuphucula imiba ethile yokusebenza kwe-synthetic resin substrate ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokudibanisa ezifana nokuqiniswa, ukuzaliswa kunye nokongeza ezinye ii-resin ngesiseko. iirasi zokwenziwa. Umbane, umazibuthe, ukukhanya, ubushushu, ukuxhathisa ukwaluphala, ukunqanda amadangatye, iipropathi zoomatshini kunye neminye imiba ihlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa. Izongezo zokudibanisa zingaba yi-flame retardants, i-tougheners, i-stabilizers, njl., okanye enye iplastiki okanye i-fiber eqinisiweyo, njl.; isubstrate inokuba ziiplastiki ezintlanu jikelele, iiplastiki zobunjineli ezintlanu jikelele, okanye iplastiki yobunjineli ekhethekileyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeeplastiki kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Malunga ne-90% yezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-resin ekrwada i-polyethylene PE, i-polypropylene PP, i-polyvinyl chloride i-PVC, i-polystyrene PS kunye ne-ABS resin. Nangona kunjalo, iplastiki nganye inemida yayo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, abantu bazibophelele ekuphuhliseni izinto ezintsha zepolymer. Phakathi kwamawaka ezinto ezisanda kuphuhliswa zepolymer, ezimbalwa zinezicelo ezinkulu. Ngoko ke, asinakuba nethemba lokuvelisa ezintsha. Izinto zePolymer zokuphucula ukusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, iye yaba lukhetho lwendalo ukucubungula iiplastiki ngokuzalisa, ukudibanisa, kunye neendlela zokuqinisa ukunyusa ukubuyiswa komlilo, amandla, kunye nokuchasana kwempembelelo.
Iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo zineentsilelo ezifana nokutsha, ukuguga, iipropati eziphantsi komatshini, kunye nobushushu obuphantsi bokusebenza ekusetyenzisweni kwamashishini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke. Ngokuguqulwa, iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo zinokufezekisa ukuphuculwa komsebenzi, ukunyuka komsebenzi, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Umphezulu weplastiki eguquliweyo yeyona ndlela iphambili yeresin, esebenzisa izongezelelo okanye ezinye iintlaka eziphucula ukusebenza kweresin kwindawo enye okanye izinto ezininzi ezinje ngoomatshini, irheology, ukutsha, umbane, ubushushu, ukukhanya, kunye nemagnethi njengezinto ezincedisayo. , Ukuqina, ukuqinisa, ukudibanisa, ukuxutywa kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa zokufumana izinto eziphathekayo kunye nembonakalo efanayo.
Iiplastiki ezintlanu zenjongo jikelele njengezinto ezisisiseko: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride
Iiplastiki ezintlanu zobunjineli ngokubanzi: i-polycarbonate (i-PC), i-polyamide (i-PA, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinayiloni), i-polyester (PET/PBT), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO), i-Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo zobunjineli: i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-polymer crystal polymer (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njl.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizicelo ezisezantsi, iiplastiki ezilungisiweyo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kumashishini afana nezixhobo zasekhaya, iimoto, kunye nezixhobo zombane.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, ngophuhliso loqoqosho olukhulu lwelizwe lam, umthamo wentengiso yeeplastiki eziguquliweyo uye wanda ngakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo kwilizwe lam kuqhubekile nokunyuka ukusuka kwi-720,000 yeetoni ekuqaleni kuka-2000 ukuya kwi-7.89 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2013. Izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiweyo liphezulu ukuya kwi-18.6%, kwaye izixhobo zasekhaya kunye nemizi mveliso yemoto ithatha indawo ephezulu kakhulu. yezicelo ezisezantsi.
NgoAgasti 2009, ilizwe lamisela imigaqo-nkqubo “yezixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni” kwimimandla yasemaphandleni “nokuthatha indawo endala endaweni entsha” kwimimandla yasezidolophini. Imakethi yezixhobo zasekhaya ezinje ngee-conditioner zomoya kunye neefriji ziphinde zalulama, ziqhuba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno yeeplastiki eziguquliweyo zezixhobo zasekhaya. Emva kokufumana ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwezixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni, izinga lokukhula koshishino lwelizwe lam liye lehla, nemfuno yeeplastiki eziguquliweyo nayo yehlile. Ukukhula kwicandelo leemoto kuye kwaba sisizathu esiphambili sokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo.
Okwangoku, iChina iye yaba lilizwe elikhulu ekuveliseni nasekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zasekhaya, kwaye iziko lokuvelisa izixhobo zasekhaya zehlabathi. Uninzi lweeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zekhaya zi-thermoplastics, zibalelwa malunga ne-90%. Phantse zonke iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zendlu kufuneka zitshintshwe. Okwangoku, umlinganiselo weeplastiki kwizixhobo eziphambili zendlu yaseTshayina: i-60% yezokucoca i-vacuum, i-38% yeefriji, i-34% yezoomatshini bokuhlamba, i-23% ye-TV, kunye ne-10% ye-air conditioners.
Izixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni zaqala ngoDisemba ka-2007, kwaye ibhetshi yokuqala yamaphondo okulinga kunye nezixeko yaphela ekupheleni kukaNovemba ka-2011, kunye namanye amaphondo kunye nezixeko nazo zaphela kule minyaka ilandelayo i-1-2. Ngokwembono yesantya sokukhula kwemveliso yeentlobo ezine zezixhobo zekhaya ezifana nezipholile-moya, oomabonakude abanemibala, oomatshini bokuhlamba kunye neefriji, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yezixhobo zasekhaya laliphezulu kakhulu ngexesha apho izixhobo zasekhaya zazisiya emaphandleni. Izinga lokukhula kwexesha elizayo loshishino lwezixhobo zasekhaya kulindeleke ukuba lihlale kwizinga lokukhula kwe-4-8%. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwecandelo lezixhobo zasekhaya lubonelela ngemfuno ezinzileyo yentengiso yokuguqulwa kweplastiki.
Ushishino lweemoto luyinkalo enkulu yokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezilungisiweyo ukongeza kwishishini lezixhobo zekhaya. Iiplastiki eziguquliweyo zisetyenziswe kushishino lweemoto phantse iminyaka engama-60. Zisetyenziswa kwiimoto, zinokunciphisa ubunzima, zikhuseleke, zikhuseleke, zibe ntle kwaye zikhululeke. Ukonga amandla, ukuqina, njl., kunye ne-1kg yeplastiki inokutshintsha i-2-3kg yentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto, ezinokunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bomzimba wemoto. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukunciphisa i-10% kwisisindo semoto kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha nge-6-8%, kwaye kunciphise kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhutshwa kwemoto. Ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla okungqongqo kunye nemigangatho yokukhupha amandla. Ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji, kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo ezimotweni kuye kwaphuhliswa ngokuthe chu ukusuka kwizinto zangaphakathi ukuya kwiindawo zangaphandle kunye nenxalenye ye-injini ye-peripheral, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kumazwe aphuhlileyo ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala le-non- ukwamkelwa, kuye ngokuthe ngcembe kuphuhliswe ukuya kwiikhilogram ezili-105 ngesithuthi ngasinye ngo-2000, kwaye yafikelela ngaphezu kweekhilogram ezili-150 ngo-2010.
Ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kwilizwe lam kukhule ngokukhawuleza. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweeplastiki ezitshintshiweyo kwisithuthi ngasinye kwilizwe lam yi-110-120 kg, ekude emva kwe-150-160 kg / isithuthi kumazwe athuthukileyo. Ngokuphucuka kolwazi lokusingqongileyo kwabathengi kunye nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha umbhobho, umkhwa weemoto ezikhaphukhaphu uya ucaca ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kuya kuqhubeka ukwanda. Ukongeza, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ukuthengiswa kweemoto zelizwe lam kuye kwafumana umjikelo wokukhula okukhawulezayo kwaye yaba yeyona marike inkulu yehlabathi ngo-2009. ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwixesha elizayo . Ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo zezithuthi kunye nokukhula kokuthengiswa kweemoto, ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki eziguquliweyo kwizithuthi kwilizwe lam kuya kuqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukucinga ukuba imoto nganye isebenzisa i-150kg yeplastiki, ngokuqwalasela ukuba imveliso yonyaka yeemoto zaseTshayina idlula i-20 yezigidi, indawo yokuthengisa i-3 yezigidi zeetoni.
Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokuba iimoto ziyimpahla yabathengi ehlala ixesha elide, kuya kubakho imfuno ethile yokutshintshwa kweemoto ezikhoyo ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki kwimarike yolondolozo kuya kuphendula malunga ne-10% yokusetyenziswa kweplastiki kwiimoto ezintsha, kwaye indawo yemarike yangempela inkulu.
Baninzi abathathi-nxaxheba bezentengiso kushishino lweplastiki olulungisiweyo, olwahlulwe kakhulu lwaba ziinkampu ezimbini, iingxilimbela zemichiza yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkampani zasekhaya. Abavelisi bamazwe ngamazwe banobuchwepheshe obuphambili kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso egqwesileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iindidi zemveliso zingatshatanga kwaye isantya sokuphendula kwimarike sicotha. Ke ngoko, isabelo semakethi kwimarike yeemoto yelizwe lam asiside. Iinkampani zeplastiki ezilungisiweyo zengingqi zixutyiwe, ubukhulu becala amashishini amancinci naphakathi anesakhono semveliso esingaphantsi kweetoni ezingama-3,000, kwaye ishishini leemoto lineemfuno eziphezulu zozinzo lomgangatho wemveliso. Kunzima kumashishini amancinci naphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza komgangatho wemveliso, ngoko ke kunzima ukuphumelela isiqinisekiso seenkampani zeemoto . Emva kokuba iinkampani ezinkulu zeplastiki ezilungisiweyo zigqithise isatifikethi seenkampani zezithuthi kwaye zingene kwikhonkco labo lokubonelela, bahlala bengabalingane babo bexesha elide, kwaye amandla abo okuxoxisana aya kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-30-2020