Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela abhekisela kakhulu kuma-thermoplastics angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha. Amapulasitiki wobunjiniyela anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezibanzi, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukukhasa okuphansi, amandla aphezulu emishini, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle, kanye nokufakwa kahle kukagesi. Zingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinokhahlo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba futhi zingashintsha izinsimbi njengezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela. Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ajwayelekile kanye namapulasitiki akhethekile wobunjiniyela. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zangaphambili yi-polyamide (PA), i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyoxymethylene (POM), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO) ne-polyester (PBT). kanye ne-PET) amapulasitiki obunjiniyela amahlanu; lokhu kwakamuva kubhekiselwa kumapulasitiki obunjiniyela anokumelana nokushisa ngaphezu kwe-150Co, izinhlobo eziyinhloko yi-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-liquid crystal I-polymer yamangqamuzana (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR ), njll.
Awukho umugqa ocacile wokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamapulasitiki wobunjiniyela namapulasitiki ahloswe ngokujwayelekile. Isibonelo, i-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) ilele phakathi kwakho kokubili. Amabanga ayo athuthukile angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela. Ibanga lingamapulasitiki ajwayelekile enhloso ejwayelekile (ngaphandle kokujwayelekile, i-ABS ihlukaniswa njengamapulasitiki enhloso ejwayelekile). Esinye isibonelo, i-polypropylene (PP) iyipulasitiki evamile yenjongo evamile, kodwa ngemva kokuqiniswa kwe-fiber yengilazi nokunye ukuxutshwa, amandla ayo okusebenza kanye nokumelana nokushisa kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla yesakhiwo emikhakheni eminingi yobunjiniyela. . Esinye isibonelo, i-polyethylene iphinde ibe ipulasitiki evamile-inhloso evamile, kodwa i-polyethylene yesisindo se-molecular ultra-high enesisindo samangqamuzana angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kanye nokushisa okuphezulu okuhlanekezela ukushisa, ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njengepulasitiki yobunjiniyela. emishinini, kwezokuthutha, emishinini yamakhemikhali njll.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla, ukuqina, ukubambezeleka komlilo nezinye izakhiwo zamapulasitiki, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izici ezithile zokusebenza kwe-synthetic resin substrate ngokusebenzisa amasu okuhlanganisa anjengokuqinisa, ukugcwalisa, kanye nokwengezwa kwamanye ama-resin ngesisekelo. ama-resin zokwenziwa. Ugesi, uzibuthe, ukukhanya, ukushisa, ukumelana nokuguga, ukuncipha komlilo, izakhiwo zemishini nezinye izici zihlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Izithasiselo zokuhlanganisa zingaba yizinqamuli zomlilo, ama-tougheners, ama-stabilizer, njll., noma enye ipulasitiki noma i-fiber eqinisiwe, njll.; i-substrate ingaba amapulasitiki amahlanu ajwayelekile, amapulasitiki amahlanu wobunjiniyela abajwayelekile, noma ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela ekhethekile.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamapulasitiki futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu. Cishe u-90% wezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-resin i-polyethylene PE, i-polypropylene PP, i-polyvinyl chloride PVC, i-polystyrene PS ne-ABS resin. Nokho, ipulasitiki ngayinye inemingcele yayo.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, abantu bazibophezele ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezintsha ze-polymer. Phakathi kwezinkulungwane zezinto ezisanda kuthuthukiswa ze-polymer, ezimbalwa zinezicelo ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, asinakuba nethemba lokuthuthukisa amasha. Izinto ze-polymer zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Kodwa-ke, sekuyisinqumo esingokwemvelo ukucubungula amapulasitiki ngokugcwalisa, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncipha kwawo komlilo, amandla, kanye nokumelana nomthelela.
Amapulasitiki avamile anokusilela njengokuvutha, ukuguga, izakhiwo eziphansi zemishini, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokusebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni nasekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Ngokuguqulwa, amapulasitiki ajwayelekile angafinyelela ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, ukwanda komsebenzi, nokunciphisa izindleko. Umfula ophakeme wepulasitiki eguquliwe uyinhlaka yefomu eyinhloko, esebenzisa izithasiselo noma amanye ama-resin athuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-resin esicini esisodwa noma eziningana ezifana nemishini, i-rheology, ukuvutha, ugesi, ukushisa, ukukhanya, kanye nezibuthe njengezinto ezisizayo. , Ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa, ukuxuba, i-alloying nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuthola izinto ezibonakalayo ngokubukeka okufanayo.
Amaplastiki ayizinjongo ezinhlanu njengesisekelo: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), ne-polyvinyl chloride
Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela amahlanu ajwayelekile: i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyamide (PA, eyaziwa nangokuthi inayiloni), i-polyester (PET/PBT), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO), i-Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile: i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-polymer crystal polymer (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njll.
Mayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezansi nomfula, amapulasitiki ashintshiwe asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nempahla yasendlini, izimoto, nezinto zikagesi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ngokuthuthuka komnotho omkhulu wezwe lami, umthamo wemakethe wamapulasitiki ashintshiwe uye wanda kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwamapulasitiki ashintshiwe ezweni lami kuqhubekile nokukhula kusuka kumathani ayi-720,000 ekuqaleni kuka-2000 kuya kumathani ayizigidi eziyisi-7.89 ngo-2013. Izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lifinyelela ku-18.6%, kanti izimboni zasekhaya nezimboni zezimoto zenza ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu. kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezansi.
Ngo-August 2009, izwe lethule izinqubomgomo “zezinto zikagesi zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni” ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kanye “nokuthatha indawo endala esikhundleni esisha” ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Imakethe yezinto zikagesi zasendlini njengama-air conditioner kanye neziqandisi zalulama ngokushesha, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula okusheshayo kwesidingo samapulasitiki ashintshiwe wezinto zikagesi zasendlini. Ngemva kokubhekana nokukhula ngokushesha kwemishini yasendlini eya emaphandleni, izinga lokukhula kwemboni yemishini yasekhaya yezwe lami lehlile, futhi isidingo samapulasitiki ashintshiwe nawo sehlile. Ukukhula emkhakheni wezimoto kube yisizathu esiyinhloko sokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe.
Njengamanje, iShayina isiyizwe elikhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwempahla yasendlini, futhi iyisikhungo sokukhiqiza impahla yasendlini emhlabeni wonke. Iningi lamapulasitiki asetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinto zasendlini yi-thermoplastics, elinganiselwa ku-90%. Cishe wonke amapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezintweni zasendlini adinga ukushintshwa. Njengamanje, ingxenye yamapulastiki emishini emikhulu yasendlini eChina ithi: 60% omshini wokuhlanza, 38% wamafriji, 34% owemishini yokuwasha, 23% owama-TV, no-10% owama-air conditioner.
Imishini yasendlini eya emaphandleni yaqala ngoZibandlela wezi-2007, futhi iqoqo lokuqala lezifundazwe namadolobha okulingayo laphela ekupheleni kukaNovemba 2011, nezinye izifundazwe namadolobha nawo aphela eminyakeni elandelayo engu-1-2. Ngokombono wezinga lokukhula komkhiqizo wezinhlobo ezine zezinto zikagesi zasendlini njengezipholile, ama-TV anemibala, imishini yokuwasha neziqandisi, izinga lokukhula komkhiqizo wemishini yasendlini laliphezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho izinto zikagesi zasendlini ziya emaphandleni. Izinga lokukhula lesikhathi esizayo lemboni yemishini yasendlini kulindeleke ukuthi lihlale lisezingeni lokukhula lika-4-8%. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo komkhakha wezinto zikagesi zasendlini kunikeza isidingo esizinzile semakethe sokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.
Imboni yezimoto iyinkambu enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe ngaphezu kwemboni yemishini yasendlini. Amapulasitiki ashintshiwe asetshenziswe embonini yezimoto cishe iminyaka engama-60. Zisetshenziswa ezimotweni, zinganciphisa isisindo, zibe nobungane bemvelo, ziphephe, zibe zinhle, futhi zikhululeke. Ukonga amandla, ukuqina, njll., kanye ne-1kg yepulasitiki ingashintsha i-2-3kg yensimbi nezinye izinto, ezinganciphisa kakhulu isisindo somzimba wemoto. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwesisindo semoto ngo-10% kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngo-6-8%, futhi kunciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhipha umoya wezimoto. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqinile okukhulayo kanye nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwe-exhaust. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe ezimotweni kuye kwathuthuka kancane kancane kusuka ezintweni zangaphakathi kuya ezingxenyeni zangaphandle kanye nezingxenye ze-peripheral injini, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe ezimotweni emazweni athuthukile Kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokungewona ukwamukelwa, kancane kancane ithuthuke yaba ngu-105 kilograms ngemoto ngayinye ngo-2000, futhi yafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-150 ngo-2010.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki ashintshiwe ezimotweni ezweni lami kukhule ngokushesha. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwamapulasitiki ashintshiwe ngemoto ngayinye ezweni lami kungu-110-120 kg, okungemuva kakhulu kwe-150-160 kg / imoto emazweni athuthukile. Ngokuthuthuka kokuqwashisa ngemvelo kwabathengi kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umoya, ukuthambekela kwezimoto ezingasindi kuba sobala ngokwengeziwe, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe ezimotweni kuzoqhubeka nokwanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezweni lami kube nokukhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kwaba imakethe yezimoto enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngo-2009. Nakuba ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto kuye kwehla kancane kancane eminyakeni elandelayo, kulindeleke ukuthi ukukhula okuqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo . Ngokukhula kokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki ashintshiwe ezimotweni kanye nokukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto, ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki aguquliwe ezimotweni ezweni lami kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha. Uma sicabanga ukuthi imoto ngayinye isebenzisa ipulasitiki engu-150kg, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zaseChina ngonyaka kudlula izigidi ezingu-20, indawo yemakethe ingamathani ayizigidi ezi-3.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yokuthi izimoto ziyizimpahla zabathengi ezihlala isikhathi eside, kuzoba nesidingo esithile sokushintshwa kwezimoto ezikhona phakathi nomjikelezo wempilo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki emakethe yokulungisa kuzobalelwa cishe i-10% yokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ezimotweni ezintsha, futhi indawo yemakethe yangempela inkulu.
Baningi ababambiqhaza bemakethe embonini yepulasitiki eguquliwe, ehlukaniswe ikakhulukazi amakamu amabili, iziqhwaga zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani zasendaweni. Abakhiqizi bamazwe ngamazwe banobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu komkhiqizo. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lomkhiqizo luzodwa futhi ijubane lokuphendula lemakethe lihamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yemakethe yemakethe yezimoto yezwe lami ayinde. Izinkampani zepulasitiki eziguquliwe zendawo zixubile, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo enamandla okukhiqiza amathani angaphansi kuka-3,000, futhi imboni yezimoto inezidingo eziphezulu zokuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Kunzima emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukudlulisa isitifiketi sezinkampani zezimoto . Ngemuva kokuthi izinkampani ezinkulu zepulasitiki eziguquliwe ziphothulile izitifiketi zezinkampani zezimoto futhi zifake uchungechunge lwazo lokuhlinzeka, ngokuvamile zizoba ozakwethu besikhathi eside, futhi amandla azo okuxoxisana azokhula kancane kancane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-30-2020